Sócrates quien asumió la tarea de educador del pueblo ateniense y su preocupación primordial giró en torno a los problemas éticos. compartió también con los sofistas una concepción de la especie humana como distinta de la naturaleza. Incluso en él, por los textos platónicos, la naturaleza ya no es la fuerza omnipotente de la que emana toda necesidad, sino que ésta es reducida a “paisaje” y “campo” allende las fronteras de la ciudad. Podría decirse que Sócrates viene a dar remate a toda una concepción filosófica cuyas preocupaciones centrales se ciernen sobre la actividad humana en las ciudades. Los sofistas son los primeros en desplazar el problema cosmológico por el antropológico, pero sus posturas pueden clasificarse como pragmáticas, es decir, responden a los intereses inmediatos determinados por las luchas sociales al interior de las polis.
El alma es un ser que se basta así mismo. Es la fuente del movimiento. Todas las cosas tienen un movimiento que no es propio de sí misma, sino derivado de otra cosa. Sócrates demostrará que el alma es principio del movimiento y que como tal principio de la movilidad se basta a sí misma, lo que implicaría no ser movida o dependiente de otra cosa. Lo único que pude estar en movimiento perenne es el principio mismo del movimiento que a su vez puede transmitir la movilidad a cualquier otra cosa externa a ella. Como principio del movimiento es ingenerado, ya que precisamente lo que adviene y se genera llegar a ser por el principio mismo. Como principio es fuente de todo lo que llegar y ser, pero él no se engendra de nada. Si este principio cesara, el universo como tal no existiría. Además el alma, como imperecedera, increada e inmortal, no puede estar sujeta a los cambios y el devenir, lo que sí ocurre con el cuerpo que se dirige a su disolución. En el mundo fenoménico el cuerpo es corruptible y por ello muere al abandonarle el alma, generadora del movimiento. El alma, por el contrario se sitúa en el orden de las esencias incorruptibles e imperecederas.
Por eso Sócrates proclamó que la principal tarea del hombre es conocerse a sí mismo, es decir, conocer su propia alma. De la exhortación al autoconocimiento derivó el principio de la responsabilidad del hombre por sus actos, subordinándolo, por tanto, a las cuestiones éticas. El hombre debe ser capaz de contemplar su éthos, su morada interna; al igual que la contemplación de la Idea de Bien nos orienta sobre la bondad y justeza de las cosas que vemos en el mundo fenoménico, la contemplación de nuestro éthos nos indica el modo justo de conducirnos por la existencia, llevándonos de la mano de la areté.
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